Are Vaccine Ingredients Safe?
By Barbara Loe Fisher
There is an old saying that you are what you eat. Today, many more people understand the importance of reading food ingredient labels. We check for chemicals, trans fat and sugar content, whether or not the food has been genetically modified, and how full of vitamins and nutrients the food is before we buy it. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
And yet, when we go to the doctor, how many times do we check the ingredients in the vaccines a doctor recommends? 10 11
By federal law, drug companies selling vaccines in the U.S. must publish information about vaccine ingredients in the manufacturer package insert that comes with vials of vaccines shipped to doctors’ offices, public health clinics and pharmacies. 12
The Centers for Disease Control also publishes a list of vaccine ingredients. 13 Here are some of the ingredients that may be in the vaccines your doctor recommends:
- live weakened viruses 14
- killed bacteria 15
- aluminum 16 17 18
- mercury 19 20 21
- formaldehyde 22 23 24 25
- phenol 26 27 28 29
- sodium borate 30 31 32
- Polysorbate 80 33 34 35 36
- Triton x-100 37 38 39 40
- Hydrocortisone 41
- Sugar 42 43 44
- Yeast 45 46
- milk and egg protein 47 48 49 50 51 52
- virus like protein particles 53 54 55
- MSG 56 57 58
- Gelatin 59 60
- squalene 61 62
- antibiotics 63 64 65 66 67
- calf serum 68 69
- human, animal and insect DNA. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
Before you take a risk, find out what it is. It’s your health, your family, your choice.
Click to View and Access References
1 Sherpa C. Top 15 Chemical Additives in Your Food. MedicalXpress Jan. 19, 2010.
2 Mercola.J. What Chemical Cocktail Is in Your Food? Mercola Newsletter Feb. 24, 2016.
3 Mayo Clinic Staff. Trans Fat Is Double Trouble for Your Heart Health. Mayo Clinic Mar. 1, 2017.
4 Kirkpatrick K. 10 Things You Don’t Know About Sugar (And What You Don’t Know Could Hurt You). Huffington Post Sept. 19, 2013.
5 Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS. Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009; 49(2).
6 Kaldvear Z. Five Ways the FDA Has Failed Consumers on Genetically Engineered Foods. Organic Consumers Association.
7 Mercola J. Why GMOs Can Never Be Safe. Mercola Newsletter Aug. 6, 2013.
8 USDA. What’s in Food: Vitamins and Minerals. Jan. 24, 2018.
9 FDA. Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label. Nov. 11, 2017.
10 Dreskin SC, Halsey NA et al. International Consensus: Allergic Reactions to Vaccines. World Allergy Organization Journal 2016; 9:32.
11 Nagao M, Fujisawa T et al. Highly increased levels of IgE antibodies to vaccine components in children with influenza vaccine associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137(3): 861-867.
12 FDA. Vaccines Licensed for Use in the United States. Jan. 5, 2018.
13 CDC. Vaccine Excipients & Media Summary: Excipients Included in U.S. Vaccines, by Vaccine. Jan 6, 2017.
14 Fisher BL. The Emerging Risks of Live Virus & Virus Vectored Vaccines: Vaccine Strain Infection, Shedding & Transmission. National Vaccine Information Center November 2014.
15 Van den Biggelaar AHJ, Poolman JT. Live-Attenuated and Inactivated Whole-Cell Bacterial Vaccines. In: Vaccine Analysis, Strategies, Principles and Control. (pp. 139-186). Nov. 28, 2014 (online).
16 Shaw CA, Tomlejenovic L. Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res. 2013; 56;(2-3):304-16.
17 Immunity Education Group. Is Your Baby Getting too Much Aluminum? The Vaccine Reaction Dec. 9, 2016.
18 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines: Why is aluminum in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
19 Burbacher TM, Shen DD et al. Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Exposed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine Apr. 21, 2005.
20 Marques RC, Dorea JG et al. Hair mercury in breast-fed infants exposed to thimerosal-preserved vaccines. Eur J Pediatr 2007.
21 FDA. Thimerosal and Vaccines. Jan. 5, 2018.
22 Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Public Health Statement for Formaldehyde. ATSDR September 2008.
23 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). New Substances Added to HHS Report on Carcinogens. June 10, 2011.
24 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Formaldehyde. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
25 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines. Why is formaldehyde in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
26 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: 2-Phenoxyethanol. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
27 Parpia R. Toxic Phenol Ingredient in Vaccines. The Vaccine Reaction Apr. 4, 2016.
28 Geier D, Jordan S, Geier M. The Relative Toxicity of Compounds Used As Preservatives in Vaccines and Biologics. Medical Science Monitor 2010; 16(5): SR21-27.
29 Environmental Protection Agency. Phenol. EPA January 2000.
30 Material Safety Data Sheet. Sodium Borate. ScienceLab.com May 21, 2013.
31 Parpia R. The Puzzling Presence of Borax in Our Vaccines. The Vaccine Reaction Feb. 5, 2016.
32 CDC. Sodium Borate. NIOSH July 22, 2015.
33 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Tween 80. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
34 Parpia R. Polysorbate 80: A Risky Vaccine Ingredient. The Vaccine Reaction Jan. 7, 2016.
35 Gajdova M, Jakubovsky J, Valky J. Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1993; 31(3): 183-190.
36 Healy M. Is Common Food Additive to Blame for Rising Rates of Bowel Disease? Los Angeles Times Feb. 25, 2015.
37 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Triton X-100 (octylphenol ethoxylate). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
38 Schrader SM, Platek SF et al. Sperm Viability: A Comparison of Analytical Methods. Andrologica 1986; 18(5): 530-538.
39 Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Pollutant Fact Sheet: Octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton A-100).
40 Caceres M. Mystery of the Diminishing Sperm Counts. The Vaccine Reaction Dec. 18, 2018.
41 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Hydrocortisone. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
42 LabChem, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheet: Dextrose. Oct. 5, 2007.
43 RX.com. Dextrose (Glucose). May 15, 2017.
44 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Sucrose (saccharose, cane sugar, table sugar). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
45 Rinaldi M, Perricone R et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases: from bread baking to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 45(20): 152-161.
46 DiMiceli L, Pool V et al. Vaccination of yeast sensitive individuals: review of safety data in the US vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine 2006; 2(6): 703-707.
47 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Milk and Dairy Allergy.
48 Wal JM. Bovine milk allergenicity. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2004; 93(5) Supplement 3: S2-S11.
49 Steinman L, Weiss A et al. Murine model for pertussis vaccine encephalopathy: Role of the major histocompatibility complex; antibody to albumin and to Bordetella pertussis and pertussis toxin. Developments in Biological Standardization 1985; 61: 439-446.
50 Rangel AHDH, Sales DC et al. Lactose intolerance and cow’s milk protein allergy. Food Science and Technology Jan. 19, 2016 (online).
51 DeSilva R, Dasanayake WMDK et al. Sensitization to bovine serum albumin as a possible cause of allergic reactions to vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35(11): 1494-1500.
52 Li JT, Rank MA et al. Ovalbumin content of influenza vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(6): 1412-1413.
53 Zhao L, Seth A et al. Nanoparticle vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32: 327-337.
54 Naskalaska M, Pyrc K. Virus Like Particles as Immunogens and Universal Nanocarriers. Polish Journal of Microbiology 2015; 64(1): 3-13.
55 U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Assessing the Environmental, Health and Safety Impact of Nanoparticles. National Institute of Standards and Technology July 13, 2017.
56 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: MSG (monosodium glutamate). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
57 Xiong J, Branigan D, Li M. Deciphering the MSG Controversy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2009; 2: 329 -333.
58 Appaiah KM. Chapter 3 – Monosodium Glutamate in Foods and Its Biological Effects. In: Ensuring Global Food Safety (pp.217-220). Jan. 29, 2010 (online).
59 Pool V, Braun MM et al. Prevalence of anti-gelation IGE antibodies in people with anaphylaxis after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in the United States. Pediatrics 2002; 110(6): e71.
60 Parpia R. Gelatin in Vaccines Can Cause Allergic Reactions. The Vaccine Reaction May 31, 2017.
61 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Squalene. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
62 Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC et al. Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2004; 58(5): 325-0337.
63 Ruiz JT, Lujan L et al. Adjuvants – and vaccines-induced autoimmunity: animal models. Immunologic Research 2017; 65(1): 55-65.
64 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines: Why are antibiotics in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
65 Drugs.com Polymixin B Side Effects.
66 Drugs.com Streptomycin Side Effects.
67 Drugs.com Neomycin Side Effects.
68 Innovative Research. Cell Culture and Uses for Fetal Bovine Serum. July 22, 2014.
69 FDA. Bovine Derived Materials Used in Vaccine Manufacturing: Questions and Answers. Aug. 15, 2013.
70 College of Physicians of Philadelphia. History of Vaccines: Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development. Jan. 10, 2018.
71 Deisher TA, Doan NV et al. Epidemiologic and Molecular Relationship Between Vaccine Manufacture and Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence. Issues in Law & Medicine 2015; 30(1): 47-70.
72 Calderon RJL. Vaccines, biotechnology and their connection with induced abortion. Cuad Bioet 2008; 19(66): 321-353.
73 Fisher BL. Use of Insect Cells for Influenza Vaccine Production. NVIC Public Comment: FDA Vaccines & Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Nov. 29, 2009.
74 Pastoret PP. Human and Animal Vaccine Contaminants. Biologicals 2010; 38(3): 332-334.
75 FDA. Guidance for Industry: Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and other Biological Material used in the Production of Viral Vaccines for Infectious Diseases. FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER) February 2010.
76 FDA. Information on Gardasil – Presence of DNA Fragments Expected, No Safety Risk. Oct. 21, 2011.
77 Fisher BL. The Emerging Risks of Live Virus and Virus Vectored Vaccines: Vaccine Strain Infection, Shedding and Transmission. National Vaccine Information Center November 2014.
78 Petricciani J, Sheets R. Adventitious agents in viral vaccines: Lessons learned for 4 case studies. Biologicals 2014; 42(5): 223-236.
79 National Vaccine Information Center. Merck’s Gardasil Vaccine Not Proven Safe for Little Girls. NVIC Press Release: June 27, 2006.
80 Miller NZ, Goldman GS. Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? Hum Exp Toxoicol 2011; 30(9): 1420-1428.
81 Institute of Medicine Committee on the Assessment of Studies of Health Outcomes Related to the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule. Summary: Health Outcomes (p. 5-6) and Conclusions About Scientific Findings (p. 11) and Review of Scientific Findings (p. 75-98). The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence and Future Studies; Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press 2013.
82 National Vaccine Information Center. NVIC Calls 21st Century Cures Act ”A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” and Urges Presidential Veto to Protect Public Health. NVIC Press Release: Dec. 8, 2016.
83 Cariquist JF. Pharmacogenetic Mechanisms Underlying Unanticipated Drug Responses. Discov Med 2011; 11(60: 469-478.
84 Baqureo F. Epigenetics, epistasis and epidemics. Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2013; 1: 86-88.
85 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207-214.
86 Wiliams SCP. The Other Microbiome. PNAS Early Edition Feb. 5, 2013.
87 Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines. Evaluating Biological Mechanisms of Adverse Events: Increased Susceptibility. Chapter 3 (p. 82). Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality; Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2012.
88 DHHS. National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program: Vaccine Injury Compensation Data. HRSA January 2018.
2 Mercola.J. What Chemical Cocktail Is in Your Food? Mercola Newsletter Feb. 24, 2016.
3 Mayo Clinic Staff. Trans Fat Is Double Trouble for Your Heart Health. Mayo Clinic Mar. 1, 2017.
4 Kirkpatrick K. 10 Things You Don’t Know About Sugar (And What You Don’t Know Could Hurt You). Huffington Post Sept. 19, 2013.
5 Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS. Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009; 49(2).
6 Kaldvear Z. Five Ways the FDA Has Failed Consumers on Genetically Engineered Foods. Organic Consumers Association.
7 Mercola J. Why GMOs Can Never Be Safe. Mercola Newsletter Aug. 6, 2013.
8 USDA. What’s in Food: Vitamins and Minerals. Jan. 24, 2018.
9 FDA. Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label. Nov. 11, 2017.
10 Dreskin SC, Halsey NA et al. International Consensus: Allergic Reactions to Vaccines. World Allergy Organization Journal 2016; 9:32.
11 Nagao M, Fujisawa T et al. Highly increased levels of IgE antibodies to vaccine components in children with influenza vaccine associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137(3): 861-867.
12 FDA. Vaccines Licensed for Use in the United States. Jan. 5, 2018.
13 CDC. Vaccine Excipients & Media Summary: Excipients Included in U.S. Vaccines, by Vaccine. Jan 6, 2017.
14 Fisher BL. The Emerging Risks of Live Virus & Virus Vectored Vaccines: Vaccine Strain Infection, Shedding & Transmission. National Vaccine Information Center November 2014.
15 Van den Biggelaar AHJ, Poolman JT. Live-Attenuated and Inactivated Whole-Cell Bacterial Vaccines. In: Vaccine Analysis, Strategies, Principles and Control. (pp. 139-186). Nov. 28, 2014 (online).
16 Shaw CA, Tomlejenovic L. Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity. Immunol Res. 2013; 56;(2-3):304-16.
17 Immunity Education Group. Is Your Baby Getting too Much Aluminum? The Vaccine Reaction Dec. 9, 2016.
18 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines: Why is aluminum in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
19 Burbacher TM, Shen DD et al. Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Exposed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine Apr. 21, 2005.
20 Marques RC, Dorea JG et al. Hair mercury in breast-fed infants exposed to thimerosal-preserved vaccines. Eur J Pediatr 2007.
21 FDA. Thimerosal and Vaccines. Jan. 5, 2018.
22 Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Public Health Statement for Formaldehyde. ATSDR September 2008.
23 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). New Substances Added to HHS Report on Carcinogens. June 10, 2011.
24 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Formaldehyde. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
25 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines. Why is formaldehyde in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
26 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: 2-Phenoxyethanol. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
27 Parpia R. Toxic Phenol Ingredient in Vaccines. The Vaccine Reaction Apr. 4, 2016.
28 Geier D, Jordan S, Geier M. The Relative Toxicity of Compounds Used As Preservatives in Vaccines and Biologics. Medical Science Monitor 2010; 16(5): SR21-27.
29 Environmental Protection Agency. Phenol. EPA January 2000.
30 Material Safety Data Sheet. Sodium Borate. ScienceLab.com May 21, 2013.
31 Parpia R. The Puzzling Presence of Borax in Our Vaccines. The Vaccine Reaction Feb. 5, 2016.
32 CDC. Sodium Borate. NIOSH July 22, 2015.
33 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Tween 80. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
34 Parpia R. Polysorbate 80: A Risky Vaccine Ingredient. The Vaccine Reaction Jan. 7, 2016.
35 Gajdova M, Jakubovsky J, Valky J. Delayed effects of neonatal exposure to Tween 80 on female reproductive organs in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1993; 31(3): 183-190.
36 Healy M. Is Common Food Additive to Blame for Rising Rates of Bowel Disease? Los Angeles Times Feb. 25, 2015.
37 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Triton X-100 (octylphenol ethoxylate). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
38 Schrader SM, Platek SF et al. Sperm Viability: A Comparison of Analytical Methods. Andrologica 1986; 18(5): 530-538.
39 Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Pollutant Fact Sheet: Octylphenol ethoxylate (Triton A-100).
40 Caceres M. Mystery of the Diminishing Sperm Counts. The Vaccine Reaction Dec. 18, 2018.
41 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Hydrocortisone. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
42 LabChem, Inc. Material Safety Data Sheet: Dextrose. Oct. 5, 2007.
43 RX.com. Dextrose (Glucose). May 15, 2017.
44 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Sucrose (saccharose, cane sugar, table sugar). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
45 Rinaldi M, Perricone R et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases: from bread baking to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013; 45(20): 152-161.
46 DiMiceli L, Pool V et al. Vaccination of yeast sensitive individuals: review of safety data in the US vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine 2006; 2(6): 703-707.
47 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Milk and Dairy Allergy.
48 Wal JM. Bovine milk allergenicity. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2004; 93(5) Supplement 3: S2-S11.
49 Steinman L, Weiss A et al. Murine model for pertussis vaccine encephalopathy: Role of the major histocompatibility complex; antibody to albumin and to Bordetella pertussis and pertussis toxin. Developments in Biological Standardization 1985; 61: 439-446.
50 Rangel AHDH, Sales DC et al. Lactose intolerance and cow’s milk protein allergy. Food Science and Technology Jan. 19, 2016 (online).
51 DeSilva R, Dasanayake WMDK et al. Sensitization to bovine serum albumin as a possible cause of allergic reactions to vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35(11): 1494-1500.
52 Li JT, Rank MA et al. Ovalbumin content of influenza vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(6): 1412-1413.
53 Zhao L, Seth A et al. Nanoparticle vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32: 327-337.
54 Naskalaska M, Pyrc K. Virus Like Particles as Immunogens and Universal Nanocarriers. Polish Journal of Microbiology 2015; 64(1): 3-13.
55 U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Assessing the Environmental, Health and Safety Impact of Nanoparticles. National Institute of Standards and Technology July 13, 2017.
56 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: MSG (monosodium glutamate). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
57 Xiong J, Branigan D, Li M. Deciphering the MSG Controversy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2009; 2: 329 -333.
58 Appaiah KM. Chapter 3 – Monosodium Glutamate in Foods and Its Biological Effects. In: Ensuring Global Food Safety (pp.217-220). Jan. 29, 2010 (online).
59 Pool V, Braun MM et al. Prevalence of anti-gelation IGE antibodies in people with anaphylaxis after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in the United States. Pediatrics 2002; 110(6): e71.
60 Parpia R. Gelatin in Vaccines Can Cause Allergic Reactions. The Vaccine Reaction May 31, 2017.
61 U.S. National Library of Medicine. Open Chemistry Database: Squalene. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
62 Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC et al. Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2004; 58(5): 325-0337.
63 Ruiz JT, Lujan L et al. Adjuvants – and vaccines-induced autoimmunity: animal models. Immunologic Research 2017; 65(1): 55-65.
64 FDA. Common Ingredients in US Licensed Vaccines: Why are antibiotics in some vaccines? Jan. 8, 2018.
65 Drugs.com Polymixin B Side Effects.
66 Drugs.com Streptomycin Side Effects.
67 Drugs.com Neomycin Side Effects.
68 Innovative Research. Cell Culture and Uses for Fetal Bovine Serum. July 22, 2014.
69 FDA. Bovine Derived Materials Used in Vaccine Manufacturing: Questions and Answers. Aug. 15, 2013.
70 College of Physicians of Philadelphia. History of Vaccines: Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development. Jan. 10, 2018.
71 Deisher TA, Doan NV et al. Epidemiologic and Molecular Relationship Between Vaccine Manufacture and Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence. Issues in Law & Medicine 2015; 30(1): 47-70.
72 Calderon RJL. Vaccines, biotechnology and their connection with induced abortion. Cuad Bioet 2008; 19(66): 321-353.
73 Fisher BL. Use of Insect Cells for Influenza Vaccine Production. NVIC Public Comment: FDA Vaccines & Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Nov. 29, 2009.
74 Pastoret PP. Human and Animal Vaccine Contaminants. Biologicals 2010; 38(3): 332-334.
75 FDA. Guidance for Industry: Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and other Biological Material used in the Production of Viral Vaccines for Infectious Diseases. FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research (CBER) February 2010.
76 FDA. Information on Gardasil – Presence of DNA Fragments Expected, No Safety Risk. Oct. 21, 2011.
77 Fisher BL. The Emerging Risks of Live Virus and Virus Vectored Vaccines: Vaccine Strain Infection, Shedding and Transmission. National Vaccine Information Center November 2014.
78 Petricciani J, Sheets R. Adventitious agents in viral vaccines: Lessons learned for 4 case studies. Biologicals 2014; 42(5): 223-236.
79 National Vaccine Information Center. Merck’s Gardasil Vaccine Not Proven Safe for Little Girls. NVIC Press Release: June 27, 2006.
80 Miller NZ, Goldman GS. Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? Hum Exp Toxoicol 2011; 30(9): 1420-1428.
81 Institute of Medicine Committee on the Assessment of Studies of Health Outcomes Related to the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule. Summary: Health Outcomes (p. 5-6) and Conclusions About Scientific Findings (p. 11) and Review of Scientific Findings (p. 75-98). The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence and Future Studies; Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press 2013.
82 National Vaccine Information Center. NVIC Calls 21st Century Cures Act ”A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” and Urges Presidential Veto to Protect Public Health. NVIC Press Release: Dec. 8, 2016.
83 Cariquist JF. Pharmacogenetic Mechanisms Underlying Unanticipated Drug Responses. Discov Med 2011; 11(60: 469-478.
84 Baqureo F. Epigenetics, epistasis and epidemics. Evolution, Medicine and Public Health 2013; 1: 86-88.
85 The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207-214.
86 Wiliams SCP. The Other Microbiome. PNAS Early Edition Feb. 5, 2013.
87 Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines. Evaluating Biological Mechanisms of Adverse Events: Increased Susceptibility. Chapter 3 (p. 82). Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality; Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2012.
88 DHHS. National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program: Vaccine Injury Compensation Data. HRSA January 2018.
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